Tenor saxophonist Lester Young (19091959) had a different approach than Hawkins and used a lighter tone. They were knowledgeable and often biased toward their favorite bands and songs, and sometimes worshipful of famous soloists and vocalists. This is where one section (say, the brass section, i.e., trumpets and trombones) would play a musical phrase and then be "answered" by another section (say, the saxes); the first phrase is the call, the answer is the response (like a musical conversation). GILLESPIE: Koko (1945). are described below. They can be used to produce a melody or harmony for nearly every musical style. syllables). Company" vocal jazz ensemble performing a the Lincoln Center in New York This pattern reinforced the second and fourth beat of every measure and later became known as a back beat. Additionally, the drummer accommodated the improvisations of soloists, providing a non-intrusive, laid-back swing pattern. Swing music ruled the airwaves and the dance floors throughout the 1930s to the mid-40s, and the artists that led swing bands became internationally beloved celebrities. style promoted by Ornette COLEMAN and John COLTRANE), which has raised a continuing controversy about [3] In the late 1930s, Shep Fields incorporated a solo accordion, temple blocks, piccolo and a viola into his Rippling Rhythm Orchestra. "big band" backup, the most famous example, The Boogie-Woogie Bugle Boy from Many of the better known bands reflected the individuality of the bandleader, the lead arranger, and the personnel. Three bypass valves over the tube can be used to lower the pitch of the trumpet. harmony. Big bands uplifted morale during World War II. The trumpeter blows on the mouthpiece at one end of the trumpet with closed lips, and the sound wave reverberates through the tube until it exits out the widened far end of the instrument. Apart from the star soloists, many musicians received low wages and would abandon the tour if bookings disappeared. of Company B (1941). Ellington, Duke Kennedy. There was a quality to her voice that fascinated me, and Id sing along with her, trying to catch the subtle ways she shaded her voice, the casual yet clean way she sang the words., A lot of singers think all they have to do is exercise their tonsils to get ahead. The term "big band" is also used to describe a genre of music, although this was not the only style of music played by big bands. Billie Holiday is considered to be the most influential of the jazz singers of the century after Louis Armstrong, who influenced her style. Fletcher Henderson's career started when he was persuaded to audition for a job at Club Alabam in New York City, which eventually turned into a job as bandleader at the Roseland Ballroom. The successful bands of the Swing Era featured carefully . - Some large contemporary European jazz ensembles play mostly avant-garde jazz using the instrumentation of the big bands. [24] In many cases, however, the distinction between these roles can become blurred. In In 1919, Paul Whiteman hired Grof to use similar techniques for his band. baritone saxophone. By the end of the war, swing was giving way to less danceable music, such as bebop. New York: Oxford University Press, 1997. The rhythm section would typically include piano, string bass, drum set, with occasional additions of guitar or other chordal/melody instruments. To learn more about the book this website supports, please visit its, You must be a registered user to view the. BASIE popularized "pure" jazz through a "Big Band" was introduced with greater emphasis on the soloist. Jazz is America's As a result, employment opportunities for jazz musicians increased and Kansas City became a jazz mecca. [26], Typical big band arrangements from the swing era were written in strophic form with the same phrase and chord structure repeated several times. Saxophones also feature a number of keys built into the main section of the tube; these keys can change the pitch or note being played. Fueled by the non-stop nightlife under political boss Tom Pendergast, Kansas City jam sessions went on well beyond sunrise, fostering a highly competitive atmosphere and a unique music culture, attracting many bands from the Southwest known as territory bands, such as Bennie Motens orchestra and the Oklahoma City Blue Devils. The piece Hotter Than That During the 1930s, Earl Hines and his band broadcast from the Grand Terrace in Chicago every night across America. performing at the same time. Count Basie's saxophone section included. orchestral jazz crossover movement that had an enormous impact on getting white https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_band&oldid=1142698476, This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 22:19. trombone. She led her Swingphony while playing marimba. The Later, Hendersons arrangements used tighter harmonic control, less emphasis on improvisation, and a controlled use of polyphony. The "Modern Popular Music" chart below, Paul Whiteman (18901967), called the King of Jazz, sought after talented top names for his band like Bing Crosby, Bix Beiderbecke, and Jimmy and Tommy Dorsey. Henderson and arranger Don Redman followed the template of King Oliver, but as the 1920s progressed they moved away from the New Orleans format and transformed jazz. such works incorporate certain elements of the jazz tradition, there is not even The trumpet section included four trumpets; the first was responsible for the highest notes. Swing did not always swing but rather involved jazz performers doing a jazz interpretation of pretty ballads. Ellington expanded Armstrong's small [27] Each iteration, or chorus, commonly follows twelve bar blues form or thirty-two-bar (AABA) song form. Bluesy feel (often using a 12 Bar Blues structure), Songs that were based and structured around riffs. A versatile instrument, the saxophone is swing musics version of the Holy Trinity (celery, bell peppers and onions) used in Gumbo. [21] Bandleaders are typically performers who assemble musicians to form an ensemble of various sizes, select or create material for them, shape the musics dynamics, phrasing, and expression in rehearsals, and lead the group in performance often while playing alongside them. City. The History of Jazz. [37] As jazz migrated from its New Orleans origin to Chicago and New York City, energetic, suggestive dances traveled with it. Ella Fitzgerald, the featured vocalist of Chick Webbs Orchestra during the late 1930s, is considered to be one of the most outstanding singers of the swing era. Jazz orchestras were necessary for the shows and musicals, and well-trained musicians were highly valued. 3. West Side Story. Fletcher Henderson (18971952) is credited with creating the pattern for swing arrangements. Among other popular singers of the era are Sarah Vaughan and Helen Humes. to jazz, Mary Lou Williams (19101981) was the first woman in jazz history to compose and arrange for a large jazz band. However, its so large that its most often placed upright next to the bassist when its being played. The Swing Era: The Development of Jazz, 19301945. The saxophone features a curved reed mouthpiece and a long brass tube that gradually expands before doubling back and bellowing outwards. While bassists can use a bow to vibrate the strings, swing band bassists will frequently pluck the strings instead. Dance bands had made phonograph records since the days of ragtime. Special thanks to Dr. Portia K. Maultsby and to the Advisory Scholars for their commitment and thought-provoking contributions to this resource. Samplephonics Soulful Brass Constructions Swing as Popular Music 1. During the 1960s and '70s, Sun Ra and his Arketstra took big bands further out. Foremost, they accentuated the movement of choreographed dancers. However, some of the major artists, such as Ellington and Basie, provided much of the music for their orchestras themselves. In 1927, he taught music at Manassas High School in Memphis and organized a student jazz band. Swing Music Explained - The Jazz Piano Site Whiteman was educated in classical music, and he called his new band's music symphonic jazz. Swing music was performed by a larger ensemble consisting of saxophones (sometimes also clarinets), trumpets, and trombones. jazz-fusion (combining elements of jazz and rock musics). is exactly what the jazz musician does to keep track of the blues formone DoZjyk]Z^0])*6`pje?NG.s#n1[Mgv,3/W5k'(?_pq,JZ7jaF:m(YTm7RhoQ>luNRjY%- I) Cool Jazz in Blue (1925). black jazz musicians developed an intense Casa Loma Stomp marked the first recording of this emerging style in 1930. Hickman relied on Ferde Grof, Whiteman on Bill Challis. [44], Although big bands are identified with the swing era, they continued to exist after those decades, though the music they played was often different from swing. often feature virtuoso performers, on Good Morning Blues: The Autobiography of Count Basie. Survey of Jazz Midterm 2 Flashcards - Cram.com premiered George GERSHWIN's Rhapsody in Blue and kicked off an - jukebox Which changes occurred in the rhythm section during the 1930s? Goodmans band was the first to integrate black and white musicians. Music is My Mistress. The music business suffered during the Great Depression. 1920s as a blending of blues, ragtime, and civic brass band traditions, then this rock . When the trumpets and saxophones are combined in a musical accompaniment, they can lead a vibrant and multi-toned swing melody. Yet, as woodwind-style instruments, they also feature a wide range of available notes and pitches. :vQxc!#\JK?1UshqkF~[!eO W,{(HBjkps~'O;5lR. How relevant do you believe the poem is today? Compared to Dixieland bands, swing bands used two or three times as many players and produced a fuller sound. Trumpets A prominent feature of swing music is a leading brass section, which is often provided by a trumpet. The swing era represented the pinnacle of jazzs popularity. trumpet. of jazz an important catalyst in the socio-political and artistic transformation of [4] While most big bands dropped the previously common jazz clarinet from their arrangements (other than the clarinet-led orchestras of Artie Shaw and Benny Goodman), many Duke Ellington songs had clarinet parts,[5] often replacing or doubling one of the tenor saxophone parts; more rarely, Ellington would substitute baritone sax for bass clarinet, such as in "Ase's Death" from Swinging Suites. The Glenn Miller Band worked the best jobs and recorded often. Led by an African American woman, this 16-member band gained notoriety across the United States and in Europe, despite the challenge of imposed racial and gender restrictions. The Dorsey Brothers started with a large-band version of Dixieland featuring singer Bob Crosby who later developed his own band. A big band typically consists of approximately 12 to 25 musicians and contains saxophones, trumpets, trombones, and a rhythm section. who specialized in less improvised tunes with more emphasis on sentimentality, featuring somewhat slower-paced, often heart-felt songs.[43]. Duke Ellingtons swing arrangements featured unusual timbres and capitalized on the unique style of each individual player, as illustrated in Echoes of Harlem (1936) and Take the A Train (1941). jw7(W3;TEd5SOBmlyb./hh IOQ,+B}I\fT-q\ dJ(0!GF>B)- |0~J;:AC*: Y3[.(&=>:UU5aH@ZLLEc))3c.mcX=ia&1cy]aE~9CB7L_ characterized by independent instrumental lines, massive harmonic dissonance, Swing was massively popular during the 1930s, so popular, in fact, that it was the pop music of its time. Vocalists began to strike out on their own. 3. Jazz vocalists during this era were highly influenced by horn players. a vocalist with piano or a small backup group. photo by Patricia Schneider. Jazz Appreciation ICQ #6 Review Guide.docx - Jazz Perhaps it started with the habanera in Mortons early compositions, and in the bridge of W. C. Handys St. And they played dance music. The Lindy Hop became popular again and young people took an interest in big band styles again. The popular appeal of Benny Goodman's Trio and Quartet had a good deal to do with the extroverted energy of. Since theyre built of brass, saxophones tend to produce a trumpet-like buzzing sound. %%EOF Although Her version of the nursery rhyme A-Tisket, A-Tasket (1938) brought her international fame. And there were also 2 different styles of Swing music. style known as SWING. here to see a YouTube video on "swing" groove vs. other types of Boyd Raeburn drew from symphony orchestras by adding flute, French horn, strings, and timpani to his band. the following instruments: In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman Whether your event needs a small ensemble or a full big band sound, we have the professionalism and class needed for functions requiring real live music! (adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});
. Jazz Big Band Grinnell College Musical Instrument Collection 1930s, jazz expanded into a "Big Band" phenomenon with Duke Ellington Many bands suffered from loss of personnel and a decline in quality during the war years. Louis Blues, but by the late 1930s, with the migration of Cubans and Puerto Ricans to New York City, Afro-Cuban music emerged along with new dances, such as the rhumba. Drummer Chick Webb (19091939) was admired for his forceful sense of swing, accurate technique, control of dynamics, and use of breaks and fills. Ornette Coleman in the 1960s. And because of this, Swing had a greater emphasis on written-out composition and arrangements. performers such Louis ARMSTRONG completed the transition from Guitar, Organ, Banjo), - One or more solo 1560 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<10C156E632F2BA46ADA9AD0651C7900F><95985AC68A5B3B44A7FED2E54018B539>]/Index[1554 17]/Info 1553 0 R/Length 52/Prev 145355/Root 1555 0 R/Size 1571/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream In 1925, bandleader Paul Whiteman You must have javascript enabled to view this website. attractive to general listeners. is called the ", The 1554 0 obj <> endobj [3] They incorporated elements of Broadway, Tin Pan Alley, ragtime, and vaudeville. Apple Loops/REX/WAV. With the exception of Jelly Roll Morton, who continued playing in the New Orleans style, bandleaders paid attention to the demand for dance music and created their own big bands. He was a pianist, accompanist, and music director for blues singers, dancers, and comedians. Duke Ellington at one time used six trumpets. Dixieland and the Swing Era - Jazz in America Singers Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald came to the popular forefront during the swing era. is a Professor Emeritus in the Departments of Black Studies and History, and former Chair of Black Studies and Asian American Studies at the University of California, Santa Barbara. All Jazz styles have two common features: - endstream endobj startxref %PDF-1.5 % They provide the base, the foundation on which the rest of the music can thrive. 1570 0 obj <>stream He toured and recorded many solos with, most notably, the Count Basie band. style, boogie-woogie was born. !/$v}5cliH_+B9W#PBY]C ::B) instruments (one or more: Piano, Blues tradition, then became popular with white listeners during the World War And what better instrument to provide a bona fide rhythm for a swing band than a set of drums? In the late 1940s, progressive The composer writes original music that will be performed by individuals or groups of various sizes, while the arranger adapts the work of composers in a creative way for a performance or recording. As swing developed, the second player became responsible for most of the jazz solos. "Swing" feeling: The rhythmic phenomenon of "swing" feeling is Since he could not read music, Webb memorized the arrangements. Unlike the concert band, the lead players should never be seated on the end of the section. Gioia, Ted. Art-music composer/conductor Leonard Hammond, John. So the Swing Era was during the Depression and it acted as a kind of counter-statement or rebellion against the unemployment and misery that the Depression caused. This lineup was typical of swing era bands. A distinction is often made between so-called "hard bands", such as those of Count Basie and Tommy Dorsey, which emphasized quick hard-driving jump tunes, and "sweet bands", such as the Glenn Miller Orchestra and the Shep Fields Rippling Rhythm Orchestra,[41][42]. Many swing-era compositions were written by professional songwriters employed by song publishing companies. [29], An arrangement's first chorus is sometimes preceded by an introduction, which may be as short as a few measures or may extend to a chorus of its own. jazz techniques into a more heavily-arranged "big-band" white swing Swing band music was organized in homophonywhere two or more instruments played similar or complementary lines. The swing style developed in the 1930s and continued to be popular throughout the 1940s and beyond as a distinctive genre. The rhythm section of the Benny Goodman Trio and Quartet excluded which instrument? Typically the most prominent shows with the earliest time slots and largest audiences have bigger bands with horn sections while those in later time slots go with smaller, leaner ensembles. listeners to love jazz.. "Stachmo") is arguably the most influential performer in the history [28] This development may take the form of improvised solos, written solo sections, and "shout choruses". Kansas City was busy with musical activity from the early 1920s to about 1938. The Swing Era - Jazz in America [32] They experiment, often with one player coming up with a simple musical figure leading to development within the same section and then further expansion by other sections, with the entire band then memorizing the way they are going to perform the piece, without writing it on sheet music. In New Orleans, black Fitzgerald recorded several standards that became hit songs. The style features prominent horn riffs, call and response between the brass and reed sections, and a consistent rhythmic drive derived from walking and/or boogie-woogie-type bass lines. So lets quickly take a look at all three genres: Lets dive into these characteristics of Swing Music a little deeper:
harmony, structure and instrumentation. featuring trumpeter Chet BAKER). Jam Blues features a 12-bar blues pattern with each subsequent varied chorus The embellishments gradually became more adventurous, but they were generally always played with the melody in mind. Much like the stock in Gumbo, it provides an essential rhythmic and harmonic element in swing music. Rockefeller Arts Center. Many Kansas City bands featured head arrangements, which were . This intermingling of sections became a defining characteristic of big bands. Glenn Miller (19041944) was a brilliant arranger, an outstanding businessman, and a fine trombone player. The saxophone section included two alto saxophones, two tenor saxophones, and one baritone saxophone. (Click on the titles of the pieces world. Swing was the predominant style of jazz music played from the late 1920s to mid-1940s. and ingenuity. Duke Ellington's . They were assisted by a band full of talent: Coleman Hawkins on tenor saxophone, Louis Armstrong on cornet, and multi-instrumentalist Benny Carter, whose career lasted into the 1990s.[1]. Please change your browser preferences to enable javascript, and reload this page. of American jazz. Q G("CH^T)daA]yg~zN^y>.g~01D%>7dj.|K+8'9 q*U!i|O1#"v\YOGtc_GD1JL. The repertoire of swing bands featured both jazz and popular arrangements. Maria Schneider assisted Gil Evans, wrote for Woody Herman and Mel Lewis, and has conducted jazz orchestras around the world. Since the 1920s, Jazz Lead players (alto sax 1, trombone 1 and trumpet 1) should be in the middle of their sections, in a direct line with one another. Keyboards are some of the most versatile instruments out there. "[34][35] Head arrangements were more common during the period of the 1930s because there was less turnover in personnel, giving the band members more time to rehearse. "It Don't Mean a Thing (If It Ain't Got That Swing)" - Duke Ellington & Ella Fitzgerald, It Dont Mean a Thing (If It Aint Got That Swing),, Kansas City was the swingingest sound in the world. For example, Tommy Dorsey played with a beautiful tone and control on the trombone. As in midwestern cities, African American migrants transformed New York City in the first half of the 20th century. Daniels, Douglas. These bands had identifiable leaders, such as Glenn Miller and the Dorsey brothers, who placed their individual stamps on their musical arrangements. Chapter Six: "In the Mood": the Swing Era, 1935-1945 Concert Big band | Lindypedia | Fandom These artists added new instrumentssuch as congas, other percussion instruments, timbales, maracas, and clavesand relied on powerful multi-rhythmic pulses to highlight jazz compositions within the big band as well as the small combo formats. (Click instruments (Saxophone, trumpet, clarinet, trombone, flute, vibraphone, etc.). HWYo8~G ("b+[:r$%_r8oFdnIt]5pu\Kr|z~+au/I8vTm3}` e To produce memorable swing music entertainment, you need a solid base, some leading ingredients and some harmonic elements. Since 1960, several newer types counting pattern over again for each successive variation of the pattern Big Band Arranging | 2 | Getting Started Evan Rogers | Orchestrator So band leaders used various arrangement techniques to keep the song interesting, such as: Tutti (all horns playing a melodic line in harmony), Soli (one section featured playing a melodic line in harmony), Shout Chorus (climatic tutti section at the end of the arrangement), Riffs (repeated short melodic and/or rhythmic pattern), Call and Response Riffs (often between the horns and the rhythm section), Solos (single person improvising usually behind a relatively simple harmonic background), Swing Music was smooth, easy-listening and simple. Jazz Appreciation ICQ (In-Class Quiz) #6 Hearing The Difference: Bebop and Swing - know the three major aural differences between these two eras The Swing Era: The Players and The Features - know names of artists; lists of features-Societal features Jazz's most popular eradominated the mainstream of American popular music Purpose of music primarily for dancing Millions of records sold . The invention of ______ helped the record industry to recover in the mid-1930s. during the World War II years. Other swing bands in New York City and beyond incorporated the defining elements associated with the Kansas City tradition to which they added their own stamp, as did Chick Webb and His Orchestra (Stomping at the Savoy, 1934), and Lionel Hampton and His Orchestra (Flying Home, 1942). interacts with the bass and drums, and how the beat is divided up in complex During the "Roaring When you mentioned the word Jazz to the average person, they probably think of Swing music, and for good reason. [31] A head arrangement is a piece of music that is formed by band members during rehearsal. endstream endobj 1555 0 obj <>/Metadata 104 0 R/Outlines 108 0 R/PageLayout/OneColumn/Pages 1544 0 R/StructTreeRoot 655 0 R/Type/Catalog>> endobj 1556 0 obj <>/Font<>>>/Rotate 0/StructParents 0/Type/Page>> endobj 1557 0 obj <>stream History of Big Band Jazz | JAZZ Aspen Snowmass
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