Humans have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter systemthe body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria. People sleep better in cooler temperatures. A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? (credit: Laurie Avocado). Restless leg syndrome is quite common and has been associated with a number of other medical diagnoses, such as chronic kidney disease and diabetes (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). This hypnogram illustrates how an individual moves through the various stages of sleep. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. The first three stages of sleep are NREM sleep, while the fourth and final stage of sleep is REM sleep. Homeostatic regulation of sleep is evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation. With excessive alcohol use, a person might experience a complete loss of consciousness and/or difficulty remembering events that occurred during a period of intoxication (McKim & Hancock, 2013). Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. Complete the following multiple choice quiz covering chapters 1, 6, and 9. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. Rather, the ISS r ecognizes mixed states and depressive symptoms during manic and hypomanic episodes. Some research suggests that sleep deprivation affects cognitive and motor function as much as, if not more than, alcohol intoxication (Williamson & Feyer, 2000). While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. In some cases, users experience vivid visual hallucinations. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. Some circadian rhythms play a role in changes in our state of consciousness. That includes exercise and bright light from devices. Because GABA has a quieting effect on the brain, GABA agonists also have a quieting effect; these types of drugs are often prescribed to treat both anxiety and insomnia. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (Symptoms) | Center for the Treatment Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. You have read that the pineal gland releases melatonin during sleep (Figure 4.6). Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). EVERYDAY CONNECTION: Solutions to Support Healthy Sleep, continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Elements that are known to make PTSD more likely are the following: Perceived life threat Personal injury Interpersonal violence, particularly perpetrated by a caregiver Past and present vulnerability, including genetics, childhood trauma, insufficient emotional support, concurrent causes of stress Example: Childhood abuse and rape This often results in sleeping problems, and it can lead to signs of depression and anxiety. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. An agonist facilitates the activity of a neurotransmitter system, and antagonists impede neurotransmitter activity. Indeed, we know sleep deprivation results in disruptions in cognition and memory deficits (Brown, 2012), leading to impairments in our abilities to maintain attention, make decisions, and recall long-term memories. It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. It is also common for these types of drugs to cause hallucinations of body sensations (e.g., feeling as if you are a giant) and a skewed perception of the passage of time. Like hypnosis, meditation also shows promise in stress management, sleep quality (Caldwell, Harrison, Adams, Quin, & Greeson, 2010), treatment of mood and anxiety disorders (Chen et al., 2013; Freeman et al., 2010; Vllestad, Nielsen, & Nielsen, 2012), and pain management (Reiner, Tibi, & Lipsitz, 2013). Night terrors apparently occur during the NREM phase of sleep (Provini, Tinuper, Bisulli, & Lagaresi, 2011). She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. A hypnogram is a diagram of the stages of sleep as they occur during a period of sleep. All of the following are true statements concerning the health of Americans EXCEPT: a. mortality rates from smoking have declined. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. A few such benefits listed by the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) include maintaining healthy weight, lowering stress levels, improving mood, and increasing motor coordination, as well as a number of benefits related to cognition and memory formation. Once awakened from a narcoleptic attack, people report that they feel refreshed (Chokroverty, 2010). Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, andinsomnia(i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a months time) (Roth, 2007). These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. Another theory regarding why we sleep involves sleeps importance for cognitive function and memory formation (Rattenborg, Lesku, Martinez-Gonzalez, & Lima, 2007). Psychological dependence, or drug craving, is a recent addition to the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorder in DSM-5. Other drugs, including the opioid buprenorphine, have also been used to alleviate symptoms of opiate withdrawal. A womans menstrual cycle is an example of a biological rhythma recurring, cyclical pattern of bodily changes. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Try going to bed and waking up at the same time every day to keep your biological clock in sync so your body gets in the habit of sleeping every night. While awake, we feel alert and aware of the many important things going on around us. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human population through human-to-human transmission. These effects can occur as a function of accumulated sleep debt or in response to more acute periods of sleep deprivation. It was getting to the point where it was kind of scary (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). Psychometric analysis indicates that the ISS is composed of four principle components, producing four subscales. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Night terrorsresult in a sense of panic in the sufferer and are often accompanied by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. Early attempts to treat her condition with a stimulant drug alone were unsuccessful. Given the central role that sleep plays in our lives and the number of adverse consequences that have been associated with sleep deprivation, one would think that we would have a clear understanding of why it is that we sleep. Train your body to associate the bed with sleeping rather than other activities like studying, eating, or watching television shows. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. In addition, if a pregnant woman consumes alcohol, her infant may be born with a cluster of birth defects and symptoms collectively called fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) or fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness. There are now several synthetic versions of opiate drugs (correctly called opioids) that have very potent painkilling effects, and they are often abused. Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. This is an important factor because we can develop tolerance and experience withdrawal from any number of drugs that we do not abuse. When we are very young, we spend up to 16 hours a day sleeping. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Furthermore, these types of behaviors ultimately disrupt sleep, although affected individuals have no memories that these behaviors have occurred (Arnulf, 2012). Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). The smokable form reaches the brain very quickly to produce an intense euphoria that dissipates almost as fast as it arrives, prompting users to continuing taking the drug. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington These changes in brain wave activity can be visualized using EEG and are distinguished from one another by both the frequency and amplitude of brain waves (Figure 4.7). Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In contrast,non-REM (NREM)sleep is subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? Parasomnias can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep. c. are influenced by peer pressure, often leading to unhealthful or unsafe behaviors. In such instances, the individuals schedule changes so frequently that it becomes difficult for a normal circadian rhythm to be maintained. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. The freebase version of cocaine, known as crack, is a potent, smokable version of the drug. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. The FDAs 2013 recommendation for tighter controls on opiate prescriptions left many patients addicted to prescription drugs like OxyContin unable to obtain legitimate prescriptions. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. Module 4: Mood Disorders - Washington State University Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. The Safe to Sleep campaign educates the public about how to minimize risk factors associated with SIDS. c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. 0. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. (credit: modification of work by Mikael Hggstrm). D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Early versions of this theory proposed that dreams were not the meaning-filled representations of angst proposed by Freud and others, but were rather the result of our brain attempting to make sense of (synthesize) the neural activity (activation) that was happening during REM sleep. When he told me, I made him go see the college therapist. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. . (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). Case fatality rates have varied from 25% to 90 . To keep heroin affordable, many dealers began adding more potent synthetic opioids including fentanyl and carfentanyl to increase the effects of heroin. In a lucid dream, a person becomes aware of the fact that they are dreaming, and as such, they can control the dreams content (LaBerge, 1990). In such instances, REM rebound may actually represent an adaptive response to stress in non-depressed individuals by suppressing the emotional salience of aversive events that occurred in wakefulness (Suchecki, Tiba, & Machado, 2012). 3. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). It is administered alone or in conjunction with doses of melatonin (the hormone secreted by the pineal gland). (credit: modification of work by new 1lluminati/Flickr), Medical marijuana shops are becoming more and more common in the United States. REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur. In the brain, the hypothalamus, which lies above the pituitary gland, is a main center of homeostasis. The term was first coined by a physiologist named Walter Cannon in 1926. Individuals who do rotating shift work are also likely to experience disruptions in circadian cycles. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. The consequences of sleep debt include decreased levels of alertness and mental efficiency. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Unlike the other sleep disorders described in this section, a person withnarcolepsycannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. Whether lark, owl, or somewhere in between, there are situations in which a persons circadian clock gets out of synchrony with the external environment. Not able to pass stool or gas. Melatonin release is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Add a comment. A number of risk factors have been associated with SIDS including premature birth, smoking within the home, and hyperthermia. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. In the wake of the opiate epidemic, many drug cartels in Mexico are shifting from producing heroin to producing highly potent but inexpensive forms of methamphetamine. As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. While individuals suffering from sleep apnea may not be aware of these repeated disruptions in sleep, they do experience increased levels of fatigue. People who suffer from this disorder can injure themselves or their sleeping partners when engaging in these behaviors. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). Originally reported as a safe alternative to the known cancer-causing agents found in cigarettes, vaping is now known to be very dangerous and has led to serious lung disease and death in users. Some of these areas include the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the pons. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. Medical marijuana is legal in over half of the United States and in the District of Columbia (Figure 4.19). These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Aside from the role that REM sleep may play in processes related to learning and memory, REM sleep may also be involved in emotional processing and regulation. Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa QUIZ 1 EXTRA STUDY .docx - QUIZ 1 STUDY GUIDE HELP PLUS For instance, have you ever daydreamed while driving home from work or school without really thinking about the drive itself? c. deaths due to accidents have increased. The chapter will close with discussions of altered states of consciousness produced by psychoactive drugs, hypnosis, and meditation. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury.
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