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Peace demands no less courage than war. CIA Files Reveal Jordan's King Hussein May Have Had Child - Newsweek [41] The PLO in Jordan grew in strength, and by the beginning of 1970 the fedayeen groups started to openly call for the overthrow of the Hashemite monarchy. [51] On 8 November 1987 Jordan hosted an Arab League summit; Hussein enjoyed good relations with rival Arab blocs, and he acted as conciliatory intermediate. Hussein of Jordan: King of Jordan (1935 - 1999) | Biography, Facts The Jordanian Parliament forced Talal to abdicate a year later due to his illness, and a regency council was appointed until Hussein came of age. In the image, the Prince appears very tall,. said the King, 'They can fly lower!' [35], On 22 November 1967 the United Nations Security Council unanimously approved resolution 242, which became one of Jordan's foreign policy cornerstones. [31], On 5 June 1967 the Six-Day War began after an Israeli strike wiped out Egypt's Air Force. [16] Two principal accounts emerged regarding the events at Zarqa, with the royalist version holding that the incident was an abortive coup by army chief of staff Ali Abu Nuwar against King Hussein, and the dissident version asserting that it was a staged, American-backed counter-coup by Hussein against the pan-Arabist movement in Jordan. [52] Adnan Abu Oudeh, a Palestinian descendant who was Hussein's political advisor, Prime Minister Zaid Al-Rifai, army chief of staff Zaid ibn Shaker, Royal Court chief Marwan Kasim, and mukhabarat director Tariq Alaeddin, helped the King prepare West Bank disengagement plans. Under his leadership, Jordan weathered all the crises, revolutions, violence and. [65] The CIA handed the King a detailed report in December 1995 warning him of a Syrian plot to assassinate him and his brother Hassan. [29] Israeli writer Avi Shlaim argues that Israel's disproportionate retaliation exacted revenge on the wrong party, as Israeli leaders knew from their coordination with Hussein that he was doing everything he could to prevent such attacks. [37], In a speech to the Jordanian parliament on 15 March 1972, Hussein announced his "United Arab Kingdom" plan. King Hussein of Jordan has died after 46 years on the Hashemite throne. "[69] His gesture was received very warmly in Israel, and Hussein sent the families $1million in total as compensation for the loss of life. [72] He was crown prince when he was born in 1962, but Hussein transferred the title to his brother Hassan in 1965 due to political uncertainty back then. [50] Saddam was angry at Al-Assad for supporting Iran against an Arab country, Iraq,[50] and Al-Assad was adamant about establishing a union between Iraq and Syria, which Saddam rejected. She is a member of the Hashemite family, and is gradually emerging as one of the most captivating young princesses on the royal circuit. [23] Four years later, Al-Shar'a was pardoned and appointed director of Jordan's passport office. A Valley man accused of murdering his actress mother may be the son of King Hussein of Jordan, . [4] Hussein claimed to be an agnatic descendant of Muhammad's daughter Fatimah and her husband Ali, the fourth caliph, since Hussein belonged to the Hashemite family, which had ruled Mecca for over 700 years until its 1925 conquest by the House of Saud and has ruled Jordan since 1921. Hussein, a constitutional monarch, started his rule with what was termed a "liberal experiment", allowing in 1956 the formation of the only democratically elected government in Jordan's history. [55], A UN-brokered ceasefire became active in July 1988, ending the Iran-Iraq war. [60] An Arab League summit held in Cairo issued a condemnation of Iraq with a fourteen-vote majority, despite calls by Jordan's foreign minister Marwan Al-Kasim that this move would hinder Hussein's efforts to reach a peaceful resolution. Hussein was born in Amman as the eldest child of . She has four older siblings: Faisal, Nayef and Dana. King Hussein I bin Talal I held the following ranks: "King Hussein" redirects here. According to Hussein, he was a 40th-generation direct descendant of Muhammad as he belonged to the Hashemite family which has ruled Jordan since 1921. [20], The Lebanese, pro-Western government of Camille Chamoun was also threatened to be toppled by growing UAR-supported domestic opposition groups. [63] Subsequent peace talks continued in Washington, D.C., stretching from December 1991 to September 1993. [52], The orchestrators of the Intifada were the Unified National Leadership of the Uprising, which issued its 10th communiqu on 11 March 1988, urging its followers to "intensify the mass pressure against the [Israel] occupation army and the settlers and against collaborators and personnel of the Jordanian regime. [44] Worried that Jordan would be dragged into another war unprepared, Hussein sent Zaid Al-Rifai to Egyptian president Anwar Sadat in December 1972 to inquire. Feeble and witless congressmen posture and puff their chests at China, hoping to receive some pickup on social media. Abdullah has ruled Jordan since the death in 1999 of his father, Hussein, who positioned. [48] In 1978 Hussein went to Baghdad for the first time since 1958; there, he met Iraqi politician Saddam Hussein. [65] Hussein's popularity in Israel had peaked after the peace treaty was signed, and he was expected to express support for a candidate. Jordan's ruler from 1953 to 1999 who is credited with modernizing his country. She is exactly two months older than Prince Hussein, who was born on June 28, 1994. 1 Min Read AMMAN (Reuters) - Queen Noor, widow of the late King Hussein of Jordan, described as "wicked slander" on Saturday allegations by the authorities against her son, the former Crown. Defendant May Be Son of Hussein, Lawyer Says - Los Angeles Times Abdullah assigned Hussein a private tutor for extra Arabic lessons,[9] and Hussein acted as interpreter for his grandfather during his meetings with foreign leaders, as Abdullah understood English but could not speak it. [6] Abdullah died, but Hussein survived the assassination attempt and, according to witnesses, pursued the assassin. King Hussein of Jordan Bio, Early Life, Career, Net Worth and Salary Hussein of Jordan was born on November 14, 1935 (died on February 07, 1999, he was 63 years old) in Amman. [22] Hussein outmaneuvered the Syrians and survived the assassination attempt, landing safely in Amman, where he received a hero's welcome his popularity in Jordan skyrocketed overnight. [76], Upon his arrival in Jordan, after a six-month medical absence from the country, he announced he was "completely cured. [36] Israel rejected the resolution. The former crown prince of Jordan, Prince Hamzah bin Hussein, says he has been placed under house arrest as part of a crackdown on critics. King Hussein (Hussein Ibn Talal) was born on 14 November, 1935 in Amman, Jordan, is an Actor. [60], On 6 August American troops arrived at the Kuwait-Saudi Arabian border, Saddam's conditions were ignored, and Hussein's role as mediator was undermined. Hussein bin Talal ( Arabic: , Al-usayn ibn all; 14 November 1935 - 7 February 1999) was King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death in 1999. [37] Hussein saw this as the last straw, and ordered the army to move. [7] Hussein's maternal grandmother, Widjan Hanim, was the daughter of Shakir Pasha who was the Ottoman governor of Cyprus. King Hussein Of Jordan is a famous World Leader who has a net worth of $1-2 million. Who is King Hussein of Jordan Dating? [67] Jordan replied that the Geneva Conventions "do not apply to terrorists," and a special operations team headed by Hussein's son Abdullah was put in charge of the operation. (YouTube screenshot). It is the courage to meet the adversary, his attitudes and arguments, the courage to face hardships, the courage to bury senseless illusions, the courage to surmount impeding obstacles, the courage to engage in a dialogue to tear down the walls of fear and suspicion. [64] The latter system was introduced to limit the Islamist opposition's representation in the House of Representatives, by gerrymandering Palestinian majority areas and encouraging independents over partisan candidates. [25] One involved replacing his nose drops with strong acid. Full body measurements, dress & shoe size will be updated soon. [13], The parliament that had been elected in 1954 was dissolved, and Hussein promised fair elections. [67] In 1998 Jordan refused a secret request from Netanyahu to attack Iraq using Jordanian airspace after claiming Saddam held weapons of mass destruction. [56] On 16 April 1989 the government increased prices of gasoline, licensing fees, alcoholic beverages, and cigarettes, between 15% to 50%, in a bid to increase revenues in accordance with an agreement with the International Monetary Fund (IMF). Lion of Jordan: The Life of King Hussein in War and Peace Tom Ford. [85] The King reacted by introducing restrictions on freedom of speech, and changing the parliamentary electoral law into the one-man, one-vote system in a bid to increase representation of independent regime loyalists and tribal groups at the expense of Islamist and partisan candidates. [44] Hussein refused Sadat's request to allow the fedayeen's return to Jordan but agreed that in case of a military operation, Jordanian troops would play a limited defensive role in assisting the Syrians in the Golan Heights. Birth Place: [21] An officer in Jordan was arrested for plotting to assassinate Hussein. [67], Clashes between Israeli forces and Palestinian groups in Gaza and the West Bank surfaced. [60] Iraq's invasion of Kuwait caught Hussein by surprise; he was the ACC chairman at that time, and a personal friend of Saddam's. [72] King Hussein had changed his line of succession a total of four times: "From his brother Muhammad, to his infant son Abdullah, to his second brother Hassan, and again to his then-grown-up son Abdullah. [63] The Bush administration were still angry at Hussein for the Gulf War events but realized they needed Jordan's participation in any peace process. [10] Upon assuming the throne, he appointed Fawzi Mulki as prime minister. Maybe others could, others who were distant, who were not equally aware or involved. [23], Hazza' Majali was appointed by Hussein to form a government; it consisted of loyalists who had persuaded Hussein to launch an offensive against the Iraqi government to restore the Hashemite monarchy. Famous Prince Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan was born on June 28, 1994 in Amman. After 1967 he engaged in efforts to solve the IsraeliPalestinian conflict. Jordans ruler from 1953 to 1999 who is credited with modernizing his country. Jordan fought three wars with Israel under Hussein, including the 1967 Six-Day War, which ended in Jordan's loss of the West Bank. She is British by birth, but was renamed Muna al-Hussein at the time of the marriage for the sake of Jordanian culture. [67] The two agents were then held by the Jordanian police, while the six other agents hid in the Israeli embassy. [85] The Kingdom had few natural resources, and a large Palestinian refugee population. King Hussein I often publicly expressed his admiration. He is an actor, known for West Wing Week (2010), 20 heures le journal (1981) and Menschen und Mchte (1963). [36], After Jordan lost control of the West Bank in 1967, Palestinian fighters known as "fedayeen", meaning self-sacrificers, moved their bases to Jordan and stepped up their attacks on Israel and Israeli occupied territories. King Hussein of Jordan - Net Worth, Bio, Age, Height, Dating, Relation His biography is available in 61 different languages on Wikipedia (down from 62 in 2019). [85] He was known to pardon political opponents and dissidents, including those who had attempted to assassinate him. [85] His 58 secret meetings held with Israeli representatives since 1963 culminated in the signing of the IsraelJordan peace treaty in 1994, which he considered to be his "crowning achievement. [48] When Saddam became president of Iraq in 1979, Hussein supported Saddam's IranIraq War that stretched from 1980 to 1988. All what we hope for is that a day will come, when we have all gone, when people will say that this man has tried, and his family tried. Born in Amman on June 28, 1994, His Royal Highness the Crown Prince was named in honor of his grandfather; His Late Majesty King Hussein bin Talal, the founder of modern Jordan. [10] Britain, Turkey, and Iraq were members of the pact, and Jordan was pressured by Britain to join. [67] He travelled to the Israeli town of Beit Shemesh to offer his condolences to the grieving families of the Israeli children killed. Prince Hamzah bin Hussein of Jordan's 'house arrest' message in full Queen Rania - Children, Family & Life - Biography [35] Jordan suffered a severe setback with the loss of the West Bank, which contributed 40% to Jordan's GDP in the tourism, industrial, and agricultural sectors. [10] Hussein realized that the Arab nationalist trend had dominated Arab politics, and decided to start downgrading Jordan's relationship with the British. [35] Around 200,000 Palestinian refugees fled to Jordan, destabilizing Jordan's demographics. [25], In January 1962 Wasfi Tal was appointed prime minister. It isn`t Permissible to Depict the Prophets, the Rightly Guided Caliphs [26] The rapprochement with Nasser happened during the 1964 Arab League summit in Cairo, where the Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) were established, and where Jordan agreed to join the United Arab Command. He lifted martial law and reintroduced elections in 1989 when riots over price hikes spread in southern Jordan. [34] The Egyptian army commander in Cairo transmitted to General Riad that the Israeli strike had failed, and that Israel's Air Force was almost wiped out. Queen Noor of Jordan is a queen dowager of Jordan. Num Pages: 464 pages, 36 black . [63] Hussein then replaced Al-Masri with his conservative cousin Zaid ibn Shaker. He is not dating anyone. "[50], Jordan started a crackdown on the PLO by closing their offices in Amman after the Israeli minister of defense, Yitzhak Rabin, requested it from Hussein in a secret meeting. She attended Syracuse University. It was thereupon reported that Hussein had suffered internal organ failure, and was in critical condition. [50] The relationship between Hussein and Saddam became very close Hussein visited Baghdad 61 times between 1980 and 1990,[50] and Saddam used Hussein to relay messages to several countries, including the US and Britain. Prince William's real height questioned during trip to Jordan [73] Hussein received a standing ovation at the ceremony and praise from Clinton for interrupting his treatment and coming over.[73]. Biography - His Majesty King Hussein bin Talal [5][6] The Hashemites, the oldest ruling dynasty in the Muslim world, are the second-oldest-ruling dynasty in the world (after the Imperial House of Japan). [50] In June 1982, after Iran's victory seemed imminent, Hussein personally carried to Saddam sensitive photographic intelligence forwarded to him by the US. The prince is the oldest son of the late King Hussein bin Talal with his widow, Noor. Who is the King of Jordan? - BBC News In addition to dishonoring them, great harm will be done to their biography. Here are a few things you probably didn't know about the heir of Jordan: 1. [85], He was also seen as too lenient toward some ministers who were alleged to be corrupt. On July 20, 1951, his grandfather, King Abdullah was . [60] To Hussein's dismay, Egyptian president Husni Mubarak refused to reverse his position and called for Iraq's unconditional withdrawal from Kuwait. He died at the age of 63 from cancer in 1999 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Abdullah II. With a reign that long, it seemed almost inevitable that Hussein made more than a few enemies. [50] The talks lasted for a day, after which no progress was made. Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan - Net Worth March 2023, Salary, Age [44] Sadat disclosed to Assad and Hussein his intention to initiate military action. [10] "I did not need to open it to know that my days as a schoolboy were over," Hussein later wrote in his memoirs. [20] Jordan reacted by arresting 40 suspected army officers, and Hussein called in Iraqi army chief of staff Rafiq Aref to brief him on the exposed plot. [61] The effects of the Gulf War, the sanctions on Iraq, and the flow of refugees to Jordan were estimated by a UN report to be $1.5billion out of a gross domestic product (GDP) of $4.2billion in 1990, and $3.6billion out of a GDP of $4.7billion in 1991. [85] In 1980, an Israeli intelligence report described Hussein to be as "a man trapped on a bridge burning at both ends, with crocodiles in the river beneath him. [10], Egyptian President Nasser received an outpouring of support from the Arab public after the EgyptianCzechoslovak arms deal was signed in September 1955,[13] and his popularity in Jordan skyrocketed following the nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956; his actions were seen as a powerful stance against Western imperialism. Hussein, in full usayn ibn all, (born November 14, 1935, Amman, Transjordan [now Jordan]died February 7, 1999, Amman, Jordan), king of Jordan from 1953 to 1999 and a member of the Hashemite dynasty, considered by many Muslims to be among the Ahl al-Bayt ("People of the House," the direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad) and the [20] UAR-inspired conspiracies started to emerge against the Hashemite federation. King is also best known as, Jordans ruler from 1953 to 1999 who is credited with modernizing his country. [67] The Mossad operatives were released by Jordan after Israel agreed to release 23 Jordanian and 50 Palestinian prisoners including Sheikh Ahmed Yassin. [2], From an affair with the American Jewish actress Susan Cabot Hussein had an alleged illegitimate son, Timothy. Mini Bio (1) Abdullah II King Of Jordan was born on January 30, 1962 in Amman, Jordan. [51], On 9 December 1987 an Israeli truck driver ran over four Palestinians in a Gaza refugee camp, sparking unrest that spread to violent demonstrations in the West Bank. [64] After 1995 Hussein became increasingly critical of Saddam's rule in Iraq. On Sunday, members of the Jordanian. King Hussein of Jordan's height Unknown & weight Not Available right. [64] On 25 July 1994 Rabin and Hussein appeared at the White House and signed the Washington declaration, which announced the "end of the state of belligerency. [26], Hussein later stated that during one of his meetings with Israeli representatives: "I told them I could not absorb a serious retaliatory raid, and they accepted the logic of this and promised there would never be one. If there are any worries it is Jordan that should be worried. Crown Prince Hussein of Jordan Is Engaged! - Town & Country [67] On 9 March 1997 Hussein sent Netanyahu a three-page letter expressing his disappointment. He had been one of the main forces for stability in a turbulent Middle East. [44], Egypt and Syria launched the Yom Kippur War against Israel in the Sinai and in the Golan Heights on 6 October 1973 without Hussein's knowledge. [43] The talks between Arab countries and Israel resulted in a deadlock. "[74] On his way back to Jordan in January 1999, Hussein stopped in London. [60] After informing the American president George H. W. Bush of his intention to travel to Baghdad to contain the situation,[60] Hussein travelled to Baghdad on 3 August for a meeting with Saddam; at the meeting, the latter announced his intention to withdraw Iraqi troops from Kuwait only if Arab governments refrained from issuing statements of condemnation, and no foreign troops were involved. Harrowing Facts About Hussein, The King Of Jordan - Factinate [81], The UN General Assembly held an Emergency Special Session in "Tribute to the Memory of His Majesty the King of Jordan" on the same day. [72] Other incidents included a government scandal involving contamination of the country's water supply. Bowen 2003, p.26 (citing Amman Cables 1456, 1457, 11 December 1966, National Security Files (Country File: Middle East), LBJ Library (Austin, Texas), Box 146). [10], The teenaged king inherited the throne not only of Jordan, but also of the West Bank, captured by Jordan during the 1948 ArabIsraeli War and annexed in 1950. "[25] But critics considered the slogan mere lip service, saying Hussein showed little interest in the economic situation of the country, unlike the military and foreign relations aspects. [63] When Hussein went back healed to Jordan, he received a hero's welcome a third of Jordan's population filled the streets to greet him. In 1994 he became the second Arab head of state to sign a peace treaty with Israel. King Hussein of Jordan's Life Path Number is 7 as per numerology. Hours after the death of his father on February 7, 1999, Abdullah became king of Jordan; he was officially crowned on June 9. Jordan's King Abdullah II and his half-brother Prince Hamzah bin Al Hussein have made their first joint public appearance since a palace feud last week. Queen Rania of Jordan's eldest son, Crown Prince Hussein, is set to be married this year. [13] Hussein was also supportive of the moves. Abdullah II | Biography, Education, Family, History, & Facts [35] Israel blew up the bridges between the two banks to consolidate its control. [61] In late August and early September Hussein visited twelve Western and Arab capitals in an effort to promote a peaceful resolution. At home, 1998 was a difficult year for Jordanians: GDP growth had slowed considerably and could not keep pace with an accelerating population growth. Hussein bin Talal (Arabic language: , Al-usayn ibn all; 14 November 1935 - 7 February 1999) reigned as King of Jordan from 11 August 1952 until his death. [9] A special relationship grew between the two. [42] According to the proposal, the two districts of the federation would be autonomous, excluding the military and the foreign and security affairs that would be determined by an Amman central government. "[13] On 29 October 1956, the Suez Crisis erupted in Egypt, as Britain, France, and Israel launched a military offensive to seize control of the canal. [80] The crowds chanted his name, some weeping, others holding his pictures. . [26] The first direct contacts between Jordan and Israel started in early 1960s; Hussein had a Jewish doctor named Emmanuel Herbert who acted as intermediary between the two nations during Hussein's visits to London. [49], In 1983 American president Ronald Reagan suggested a peace plan that became known as the Reagan plan, similar to Hussein's 1972 federation plan. [63], Hussein could not participate in the details of the talks, a task he handed to his brother Hassan. [64], On 4 November 1995 the Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin was assassinated by a Jewish extremist, who aimed to undermine Rabin's peace efforts with the Palestinians. Quote by King Hussein a year before his death. He acted as a conciliatory intermediate between various Middle Eastern rivals, and came to be seen as the region's peacemaker. [3] During one cold Ammani winter, his baby sister Princess Asma died from pneumonia, an indication of how poor his family was then they could not afford heating in their house. [60] Both Kuwait and Saudi Arabia viewed Hussein with suspicion they distrusted him and believed he was planning to obtain a share of Kuwait's wealth. [2] He was enthroned on 2 May 1953, the same day that his cousin Faisal II assumed his constitutional powers as king of Iraq. King Hussein Biography, Age, Height, Wife, Net Worth, Family "[49] Sharon boasted: "One speech by me will make King Hussein realize that the time has come to pack his bags. At first, Israeli leaders were dismissive of his inexperience and gave short odds for his longevity. Documents made . Foreign policy In his new role, Abdullah continued to follow many of his father's policies. King Hussein believed in keeping peace and opposed war since he believed it was pointless. [37] On 13 October Hussein signed an agreement with Arafat to regulate the fedayeen's presence,[37] but the Jordanian army attacked again in January 1971. Susan Cabot stars in Ride Clear of Diablo, 1954. [35] By 11 June Israel had decisively won the war by capturing the West Bank from Jordan, Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Another plot was uncovered after a large number of cats were found dead in the royal palace; it emerged that the cook had been trying poisons to use against the king. [10] In his brief reign, Talal had introduced a modern, somewhat liberal constitution in 1952 that is still in use today. [29] The incident drew fierce local criticism of Hussein amid feelings he had been betrayed by the Israelis; Hussein also suspected that Israel had changed its attitude towards Jordan and had intended to escalate matters in order to capture the West Bank. [89] Renamed in 2002 to the King Hussein Cancer Center in honor of the late King, the center is a leading medical facility in the region, treating around 4,000 patients each year. [8], The young prince started his elementary education in Amman. [85], Hussein considered the Palestinian issue to be the overriding national security issue, even after Jordan lost the West Bank in 1967 and after it renounced claims to it in 1988. [26] The young politician who worked to bring sweeping reforms resigned after Hussein sought to solidify his position following the rise of the Nasser-supporting Ba'ath party to the governments of Iraq and Syria in two 1963 coups. She's from Saudi Arabia. [18] Although he eventually relaxed some of these measures, namely military curfews and severe press censorship, Hussein's moves significantly curtailed the constitutional democracy that existed in Jordan in the mid-1950s. "[61] Saddam was adamant but agreed to Hussein's request to release Western nationals who were being held as hostages. King Hussein of Jordan: On A Knife Edge is the second of a two-part series telling the story of Jordan's King from 1952 to his death in 1999. [51] He helped mobilize Arab support for Iraq against Iran, and for Jordan's peace efforts, and helped to end the decade-long Arab boycott of Egypt a boycott that began after it unilaterally signed a peace treaty with Israel in 1979. [10] After a reign lasting less than thirteen months, the Parliament forced King Talal to abdicate due to his mental state doctors had diagnosed schizophrenia. [87], In 1977, Bob Woodward of The Washington Post reported that King Hussein received funds from the CIA for 20 years. [13] Hussein was furious but Nabulsi discouraged him from intervening. [25] Hussein, persuaded by Habis Majali, Hazza's cousin and the army chief of staff, prepared for a retaliation against Syria, whose intelligence service was responsible for the assassination. King Hussein of Jordan Net worth, Age, Bio, Height, Wiki, Facts Prince Hussein of Jordan's Fiance Wears Necklace Linking Their Initials [61] Jordan's public opinion was overwhelmingly against international intervention, and against Gulf rulers who were perceived to be greedy and corrupt. [64] Jordan's relations with the United States greatly improved: $700million worth of Jordan's debt was forgiven by the United States Congress, and Bill Clinton's administration authorized a substantial flow of aid to Jordan. [37], On 17 September the Jordanian army surrounded cities that had a PLO presence, including Amman and Irbid, and began shelling the fedayeen, who had established themselves in Palestinian refugee camps. The parents of King Hussein of Jordan are Talal of Jordan, Zein Al-Sharaf Talal. Because Hussein was only 16 years old at the time, a Regency Council was created to govern him until he reached the age of majority. Explore Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan net worth, bio, age, height, family, wiki, birthday, career, salary [Last Update 2021]! [12] Palestinian fighters (fedayeen, meaning self-sacrificers) used Jordanian-controlled territory to launch attacks against Israel, sometimes provoking heavy retaliation.