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c. manifest content. This should sound much like what you just read about in terms of Thorndikes work. In the past, we have conducted trephination and lobotomies, neither of which are used today. We all have two copies of each gene, one inherited from our mother and one from our father. a. tertiary b. mutual-help c. cognitive-behavioral d. integrative behavioral. What he discovered was the dogs would salivate even before the meat powder was presented. Providing routine mental health screenings, followed by immediate intervention as needed. b. cultural. 1. See Figure 2.5 for an overview of Pavlovs classic experiment. d. disengagement. Inability to disconfirm Ignoring any evidence that may contradict your maladaptive cognition. c. Existentialists believe that research dehumanizes individuals by reducing them to test measures. d. past traumatic experiences. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: a. instincts, the ego, and the self. What is learning? c. psychoanalytic theory. Possible side effects include loss of appetite, headache, motor or verbal tics, and personality changes such as appearing emotionless. The six models of abnormality are biological, psychodynamic, cognitive-behavioral, humanistic-existential, sociocultural, and developmental psychopathology perspective. 3. b. Reinforcement can either occur continuously meaning every time the desired behavior is made the subject will receive some reinforcer, or intermittently/partially meaning reinforcement does not occur with every behavior. Which of the following is NOT an example of diathesis in the diathesis-stress explanation of. The answer is continuous. What form do these consequences take? Borderline personality disorder has also been found to be higher in people in low-income brackets (Tomko et al., 2012) and group differences for personality disorders have been found between African and European Americans (Ryder, Sunohara, and Kirmayer, 2015). 119. Social desirability states that sometimes participants do not tell us the truth about what they are thinking, feeling, or doing (or have done) because they do not want us to think less of them or to judge them harshly if they are outside the social norm. b. the libido. b. resistance. An important factor to consider when prescribing drugs for the treatment of abnormality would be that: some people do not benefit from drug treatments. Thorndike also said that stimulus and responses were connected by the organism, and this led to learning. First, we cannot pay attention to everything going on around us. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. Maybe I am not paid weekly now. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. The actual code passes from one neuron to another in a chemical form called a neurotransmitter. The good thing is that what is learned can be unlearned or relearned through behavior modification, the process of changing behavior. d. A girl is anxious about giving a speech in front of her class. 2.2.2. Secondary or conditioned reinforcers and punishers are not inherently reinforcing or punishing but must be learned. b. Maybe it changed to biweekly and I missed the email. Due to this endurance, we say that intermittent or partial reinforcement shows resistance to extinction, meaning the behavior does weaken, but gradually. c. at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. The medical model of mental illness treats mental disorders in the same way as a broken arm, i.e., there is thought to be a physical cause.. The results of this study led him to conclude that _____ greatly affects mental illness. According to the Genetics Home Reference website as part of NIHs National Library of Medicine, a gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity (https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene). Track the accuracy of the thought. There is no individual model that completely explains human behavior and so each model contributes in its own way. She died shortly after this interrogation on May 28, 1936. Lorenzo's therapist frequently reminds him that he has the power to change his situation and that he must take responsibility for his actions. Describe the role of genes in mental illness. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the client's family structure, societal norms, and the client's roles in society. d. psychophysical. With which type of schedule would you expect a person to stop responding to immediately if reinforcement is not there? First, consider the topic of social cognition or the process of collecting and assessing information about others. Mental illness itself occurs from the interaction of multiple genes and other factorssuch as stress, abuse, or a traumatic eventwhich can influence, or trigger, an illness in a person who has an inherited susceptibility to it (https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1). This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. c. psychodynamic. SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). The major multidimensional model that is useful in understanding the causes of mental disorders is usually called the biopsychosocial model (BPS). 87. b. a distorted view of the self. Content that was turned away was said to be repressed. d. use conscious thought as a means to decrease physiological signs of anxiety. Depersonalization can be defined as a feeling of unreality or detachment from oneself. 58. b. cultural deprivation that is characteristic of some groups. b. behavioral-focused Discuss the concept of a model and identify those important to understanding psychopathology. c. social networks. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. The cognitive model made up for an apparent deficit in the behavioral model overlooking the role cognitive processes play in our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. b. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: prejudice and discrimination faced by women. Step 1 Neurons waiting to fire are said to be in, Step 2 If adequately stimulated, the neuron experiences an, Step 3 Once the action potential passes from one segment of the axon to the next, the previous segment begins to, Step 4 After the neuron fires, it will not fire again no matter how much stimulation it receives. d. Bandura. b. early childhood trauma. b. modeling. c. sociocultural The nervous system. 49. Multicultural psychologists assert that both normal behavior and abnormal behavior need to be understood in the context of the individuals unique culture and the groups value system. d. object relations theory. The processes described in this model occur at an unconscious level. None of the models are complete within themselves. Eventually the fact that no food comes will extinguish this reaction but still, it will be weird for a bit). d. projection. The MOST likely consequence of having acquired conditions of worth is: a. social isolation. 114. a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral, 60. 122. Twenty-two of the pairs are the same in both sexes, but the 23rd pair is called the sex chromosome and differs between males and females. The procedure in Panel C continued with the rabbit being brought a bit closer each time until, eventually, the child did not respond with distress to the rabbit (Panel D). When the individual is accepted as they are, they receive unconditional positive regard and become a fully functioning person. b. family structure and communication. A therapist who assumes this describes a phobia acquired from classical conditioning MOST likely favors which model of abnormality? Bertha (Anna O.) 31. 121. Check out Figure 2.10 to see if you do. Another example is how a baby will root for a food source if the mothers breast is placed near their mouth. d. people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier. What are the three parts of personality according to Freud? Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. b. cognitive-behavioral 2.3.1.2. This thought is an example of: Which statement is NOT an appropriate criticism of the sociocultural model? Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. Cognition-focused theorists would say that Johannahs depression results in large part from: Those who are not assertive are often overly passive and never get what they want or are unreasonably aggressive and only get what they want. What is that factor? Failure to treat many people with severe disturbances appropriately is MOST often a problem with which level of prevention? In this case, extinction continues. c. superego. Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from: a. natural observation. Those who sit in the back of the room are underachievers who dont care. b. the different patterns of communication displayed by men and women. A psychologist believes that all dysfunctional behavior is due to past experiences, and that no symptom or behavior is accidental. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing: a. couple therapy. There will be some variability in terms of what symptoms are displayed, but in general, all people with a specific psychopathology have symptoms from that group. a. cognitive b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. rational emotive. Can our schemas lead us astray or be false? b. drugs cannot be combined with other forms of treatment. Terms in this set (124) Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socio-economic background. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life and with the value they find in living. 28. Despite Freuds generalization, his theory was based on only a few patients. According to the psychodynamic model, current behavior is determined by all of the following EXCEPT: a. past experiences. Chances are you are already accepting the unknown in some areas of life and identifying these can help you to see why it is helpful in these areas, and how you can apply this in more difficult areas. It is present at birth, completely unconscious, and operates on the pleasure principle, resulting in selfishly seeking immediate gratification of our needs no matter what the cost. b. support the ideas of positive psychology. Nikolai runs past, grabs some of the cookies, and runs away. A person who is isolated and lacks social support or intimacy is more likely to: a. develop depression when under stress. Identify and define important neurotransmitters. How do socioeconomic, gender, environmental, and multicultural factors affect mental illness and its treatment? So, if you were afraid of clowns, you would be thrown into a room full of clowns. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. c. relational psychoanalytic therapy. The Humanistic and Existential Perspectives. 12. All other toys are allowed, including a Bobo doll. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted one of the most famous studies in psychology. The term covers a broad range of disorders, from depression to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) to personality disorders. Module 2: Models of Abnormal Psychology None of the models are complete within themselves. This form of behavior therapy is widely used in clinical, business, and classroom situations. b. operate in accordance with the reality principle. In contrast, Thanatos, our death instinct, is either directed inward as in the case of suicide and masochism or outward via hatred and aggression. b. existential. 48. The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the: A. Cognitive model B. Humanistic model C. Behavioral model D. Biopsychosocial model E. psychodynamic model. 37. a. cognitive-behavioral b. humanistic-existential c. psychodynamic d. cognitive. When treating religious patients, it is recommended that mental health professionals: a. avoid discussing religion. Continuous or partial? They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. Second, we must remember what a model does to imitate it. Module Overview. Her therapy is MOST likely: a. gestalt therapy. More on that over the next two sections. Consider the following: In relation to men: While mental illnesses affect both men and women, the prevalence of mental illnesses in men is often lower than women. 100. Rogers said that all people want to have positive regard from significant others in their life. a. quaternary b. secondary c. tertiary d. meta. 41. c. tertiary prevention. When Mathias did not get a job for which he applied, he was sure that everything was going wrong, that his life was completely off track. Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were: instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. The pain was enough that I never walked up and down the street echoing my identity crisis for all to hear. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Antipsychotics are used to treat psychosis or conditions that affect the mind, and in which there has been some loss of contact with reality, often including delusions (false, fixed beliefs) or hallucinations (hearing or seeing things that are not really there). They can be used to treat eating disorders, severe depression, PTSD, OCD, ADHD, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. What an individual views as abnormal behavior in public may be the only way to effectively interact with family members. b. Cognitive processes cannot be empirically and reliably measured and should be ignored. Think of it as an If-Then statement. 66. Finally, does uncertainty always lead to a negative end? What is the problem with a uni-dimensional model of psychopathology? c. superego. For example, some women may experience symptoms of mental disorders at times of hormone change, such as perinatal depression, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and perimenopause-related depression. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing: In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as which of the following? They are only a problem when they reach consciousness. Abnormal chemical activity in the bodys endocrine system relates to the release of: a. hormones. 111. 2.2.3.1. In Module 2, we will discuss three models of abnormal behavior to include the biological, psychological, and sociocultural models. c. overgeneralization. b. laissez-faire parenting style. With each subsequent escape and re-insertion into the box, the cat became faster at correctly manipulating the levers. Which example BEST describes conditions of worth? a. modeling. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. 22. Watson and Skinner defined behavior as what we do or say, but later behaviorists added what we think or feel. c. existential. c. psychodynamic. The neuron. d. damage control. a. short-term psychodynamic therapy b. psychoanalysis c. traditional psychodynamic therapy d. relational psychoanalytic therapy. a. What treatments are available to clinicians courtesy of the biological model of psychopathology? d. fear. This is an example of behavior modification using: With mindfulness-based therapy techniques, clients would MOST likely be encouraged to: let their thoughts flow, without judgment. In the case of borderline personality disorder, many people report experiencing traumatic life events such as abandonment, abuse, unstable relationships or hostility, and adversity during childhood. b. self-actualizing. 24. b. exposure therapy. Please note that a person may become fixated at any stage, meaning they become stuck, thereby affecting later development and possibly leading to abnormal functioning, or psychopathology. d. cognition-focused. Exemplify the effect of schemas on creating abnormal behavior. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on: a. the biological differences between men and women. Evaluating psychodynamic theory. d. propositions. A theorist who takes an evolutionary perspective on abnormal behavior would MOST likely agree that: at one time what is now often labeled abnormal behavior actually helped humans survive. 89. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. Why might this treatment be effective in preventing alcohol use even after the client stops taking the drug? This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. What are some issues facing the biological model? d. quaternary prevention. a. psychodynamic b. behavioral c. humanist-existential d. sociocultural. a. Neurotransmitters are released. Which of the following is NOT a weakness of the biological model of abnormal behavior? a. humanistic therapy. d. psychodynamic. For more on the link between cortisol and depression, check out this article: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-athletes-way/201301/cortisol-why-the-stress-hormone-is-public-enemy-no-1. Behaviorism has also been accused of being mechanistic and seeing people as machines. c. transference. 80. We then discussed biological, psychological, and sociocultural models of abnormality. 20. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Freuds psychosexual stages of personality development are listed below. Which model of abnormality cites physical processes as being the key to behavior? I'm going to mess up and then it won't be a perfect run!" a. psychodynamic b. cognitive c. humanistic-existential d. behavioral. Women are more likely to develop PTSD compared to men. b. self theory. Each is unique in its own right and no single model can account for all aspects of abnormality. Which statement is TRUE regarding electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? A family systems theorist might suggest that Robin comes from a(n) _____ family. 145. c. cognitive c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. A health care provider prescribes disulfiram (Antabuse) for a client with alcoholism. Again, your schema about front row and back row students is incorrect and causes you to make certain assumptions about these individuals. Neurotransmitter imbalances and problems with brain structures/areas can result in mental disorders. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? Hormones are important to psychologists because they manage the nervous system and body tissues at certain stages of development and activate behaviors such as alertness or sleepiness, sexual behavior, concentration, aggressiveness, reaction to stress, and a desire for companionship. b. give insightful interpretations of the clients statements. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. Todays techniques are much more sophisticated and have been used to treat schizophrenia, depression, and some personality and anxiety disorders. c. paradigms. d. early life experiences shape one's later behavior. Flooding and desensitization are typical respondent conditioning procedures used with phobias, and modeling arises from social learning theory and observational learning. Hence, they experience conditional positive regard. This newer type of cognitive-behavioral therapy emphasizes recognizing problematic thoughts as thoughts rather than judging them, acting on them, or fruitlessly trying to change them. 30. If we are not motivated to perform an observed behavior, we probably will not show what we have learned. Our attribution in these two cases is in error, but still, it comes to affect how we see the world and our subjective well-being. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? 2.3.1.1. This form of learning is called: According to a 2018 report (Prochaska & Norcross), the dominant approach used by clinical psychologists is: If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving: ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. Infants tend to do things that feel good. The Structure of the Nervous System. So I kept doing it and doing it until one day, another kid grew tired of hearing about my other identity and punched me in the face. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. This is known as 75. c. psychodynamic-gestalt. c. operant conditioning. 2.2.1.2. The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. A patient has social anxiety disorder. Understanding a person's unconscious processes is critical in explaining abnormality. For more on these techniques, visit http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/. 140. d. They are the brains attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Which is an example of latent content? I bet the bad behavior ended too. They protect the neuron from harmful substances. Respondent conditioning (also called classical or Pavlovian conditioning) occurs when we link a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus that is unlearned or inborn, called an unconditioned stimulus. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. Contingencies in Operant Conditioning. This criticism would be true of behaviorisms first two stages, though sociobehaviorism steered away from this proposition and even fought against any mechanistic leanings of behaviorists. a. existential There is no need to learn it again, as in the case of primary reinforcers and punishers in operant conditioning. a. existential This is in accord with what Freud called: a. reflex. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. Our focus will be on partial/intermittent reinforcement. You're likely receiving a message that encourages you to question your own interpretations and the accuracy of those interpretations. This statement aligns MOST closely with the beliefs of which type of theorist? Anne has distant parents, failing grades, and insufficient funds for basic necessities and also develops depression. This dream is interpreted to reflect the patients emotional stress over losing her mother, who is terminally ill. After several conditioning trials, the child responded with fear to the mere presence of the white rat (Panel C). a. Perls. The _____ model proposes that humans must have an accurate self-awareness and live meaningful lives to be psychologically well adjusted. According to Freud, our personality has three parts the id, superego, and ego, and from these our behavior arises. Describe how psychological perspectives explain mental illness. a. egoic b. deterministic c. defensive d. object relational. This shows the recent belief that the key to psychological disorders lies in: a. specific brain structures. a. sociocultural b. biological c. cognitive d. demonological, 4. 131. The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. First, associative learning is the linking together of information sensed from our environment. 35. The _____ model of abnormality pays particular attention to the clients family structure, societal norms, and the clients roles in society. The problem with this approach is that mental disorders are not typically caused by a solitary factor, but multiple causes. c. psychodynamic. 26. 42. Racial and ethnic minorities must contend with prejudice, discrimination, racism, economic hardships, etc. 150. also play a role, and this is the basis of the sociocultural model. In a general sense, a model is defined as a representation or imitation of an object (dictionary.com). b. Solved which statement about catergorical vs dimensions | Chegg.com